1-SHOULD HAVE DONE / SHOULDN'T HAVE DONE
"Should" ve "ought to"nun past biçimleri "should have done" ve "ought to have done"dir.
I overslept yesterday morning, so I was late for work. I should have set my alarm clock.
He didn't study hard enough, so he failed the test. He should have studied harder to pass it.
Hie authorities didn't take the necessary measures, so inflation went up. They should have taken the necessary measures to bring it down.
Örneklerde de gördüğünüz gibi "should have done", "Geçmişte bir eylemi yapmadım ve sonuç kötü oldu. Onu yapmam gerekirdi." anlamını veriyor.
"Shouldn't have done" ise, "Geçmişte bir şey yaptım ve sonuç kötü oldu. Onu yapmamam gerekirdi." anlamını veriyor.
I talked to him very unkindly, so I hurt him. I shouldn't have talked to him so unkindly.
Although I was ill, I went to work, and my cold got worse. I shouldn't have gone to work.
He ignored my warnings, and drove the car too fast. As a result, he had an accident.
He shouldn't have ignored my warnings, or
He shouldn't have driven the car so fast.
2-COULD HAVE DONE / COULDN'T HAVE DONE
"Could"un past biçimi "could have done"dır. "Geçmişte bîr şeyi yapabilirdin ama yapmadın." anlamını verir.
Yesterday, he was broke and had to walk home from school. In fact, he could have borrowed some money from his friends, but he didn't want them to know that he didn't have any money. (Aslında arkadaşlarından ödünç para alabilirdi ama...)
Yesterday, it was my day off. I could have gone somewhere, but I felt rather lazy, and spent the whole day at home. (Bir yerlere gidebilirdim ama.,.)
"Couldn't have done" ise, "geçmişte bir şeyi isteseydin de yapamazdın" anlamım verir.
Yesterday, I wanted to visit my friend, but then, I changed my mind and stayed home. Later, I found out that she wasn't at home that day, so I couldn't have visited her even if I had wanted to. (İsteseydim de onu ziyaret edemezdim.)
Last month, I went to Ankara with friends. I had planned to stay at my sister's house for the night, but I couldn't leave my friends, and we spent the night at a hotel together. Later, when 1 returned to istanbul, I phoned my sister and told her about my visit there, and I found out that she wasn't in Ankara during my stay there, so I couldn't have stayed at her house even if 1 had wanted to.
— Why didn't you show up for our date yesterday?
— I wanted to, but our district manager came just as 1 was leaving work.
— Well, at least you could have phoned and told me that you weren't coming.
— I couldn't have phoned you, because the manager took me to the building site, and there is no telephone, you know.
{.........telefon edip gelmeyeceğini söyleyebilirdin.)
(.........telefon edemezdim, çünkü orada telefon yok.)
3-PAST TIME
Geçmişe ilişkin tahminlerimizi ifade ederken, aynı rnodal yardımcı fiillerinin "perfect" biçimlerini kullanırız.
must
may / might/ could + have done
can't/couldn't
may not/might not
— I can't find my grammar book.
— Well, you must have left it in the classroom. (I'm almost sure that you left it in the classroom.) (Sınıfta unutmuş olmalısın. Herhalde sınıfta unuttun.)
— I can't find my grammar book. 1 don't know where 1 left it. I may/might/could have left it in the classroom or I may/might/could have left it on the bus.
(It's possible that I left it in the classroom or on the bus.) (Sınıfta unutmuş olabilirim ya da otobüste unutmuş olabilirim.)
— I think I saw Susan at a cafe the other day, but I didn't talk to her. She was in a crowded group.
— No, you can't/couldn't have seen her there. She has been out of town for two weeks. She left for London two weeks ago.
(It's impossible that you saw her there.)
(Onu görmüş olamazsın. Onu görmüş olman imkansız.)
— Why did Jane get a low grade on the last test? She is a good student, you know.
— Well, I don't know. She might not/may not have studied hard enough. (Perhaps/Maybe she didn't study hard enough.)
(It's likely that she didn't study hard enough.) (She probably didn't study hard enough.) (Yeterince çalışmamış olabilir.)
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